~/tools/llm-scales

If you are a human–AI interaction researcher like me, you have no doubt had the pleasure of trying to figure out which scales are out there, which ones were actually validated, and whether that validation ever made it past a preprint. So I set out to build a list.

Specifically, I used Claude Opus 5.5 to run a multi-agent deep dive: 26 AI agents searched the literature over about 10 hours, and every scale was then checked against its source paper by a separate agent. In October 2026, a 10-agent update run in the same way added scales published since September. Human eyes have only skimmed it, so treat entries as leads and check the original paper. See the model, agents, time and prompts used →

–validated scales
–published
–preprints
–languages

scales how scales are chosen ↓

$ grep
construct
evidence what's flagged?
year
published preprint · scales matching the other filters · click a year to filter
status

loading…

    no scales match these filters

    download json ↓

    about

    what counts
    A scale is listed when its items target LLMs, generative AI or AI chatbots (ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, Claude, AI companions) and a paper or preprint whose main aim is developing or validating it reports (a) the factor structure, (b) reliability and (c) at least one form of validity evidence. Preprints are included and labelled.
    not included
    General “AI” scales that don’t target generative AI (e.g., attitudes toward AI in general, AI anxiety, AI literacy), robot and automation scales, and adoption models that adapt items without a validation study.
    flagged
    Scales that target generative AI and have a development paper, but that an independent check could not confirm meet the bar above. They are shown by default; use the evidence filter to hide them. Partial evidence means the paper was read and something is missing, usually validity evidence beyond factor analysis. Unconfirmed means the full text could not be accessed, so the scale may well qualify. Each card says why it was flagged.
    validated in
    The language participants answered in during the validation study, so the reliability and validity figures apply to that version. “Not reported” means the paper doesn’t say.
    English version
    For scales validated in another language, whether English item wording exists: validated (tested in English, here or in a separate study), published (an English translation is in the paper or its supplement but hasn’t been tested), or none. The English wording filter shows scales with either.
    translations
    Validated translations and cross-cultural adaptations are listed inside the original scale’s entry.
    method
    Built from an AI-assisted literature sweep in which a separate AI agent checked every entry against its source paper (full method and prompts). A person has only skimmed the list, so mistakes are likely: always confirm details against the original paper before using a scale. Last updated –.
    missing one?
    Suggest a scale on GitHub or by email. Corrections are welcome too.